Friday, 6 January 2012
KEPEMIMPINAN SEJATI
Saturday, 10 December 2011
Intransitive Verb
Typically, an adverb or prepositional phrase modifies an intransitive verb or the verb ends the sentence.
To determine whether a verb is intransitive ask whether the action is done in some way, in some direction or to some degree. Does a noun receive the action of the verb? If it does, then the verb is transitive and the person or thing that receives its action is the direct object.
[In the following examples, the intransitive verb is bold and the modifier is underlined.]
The man decided against a plea bargain.
- The subject (the man) did something (decided) a particular way (against).
He refused because of his immaturity, not his lack of contrition.
- The subject (He) did something (refused) for a particular reason (because of his immaturity).
Alice complained bitterly.
- The subject (Alice) did something (complained) to a particular degree (bitterly).
At the end of the Roaring ’20s, the incarceration index rose slightly.
- The subject (the index) did something (rose) in a particular direction (slightly).
When faced with the problem, the scholar paused.
- The subject (scholar) did something (paused) at a particular time (when faced with the problem).
Earl fell.
- The subject (Earl) did something (fell) and the action did not transfer to someone or something.
The adverb or prepositional phrase answers a question about the verb:
The subject did something WHERE?
o If Charlie had run into the street, he could have been injured.
o The turtle may live in a small area of Arizona.
o In 1973, the incarceration number inched upward.
o Jordan drove into the lane.
The subject did something WHEN?
o Thousands of cranes will return in the spring.
o The number climbed in 1974 and in 1975.
o Walter Payton died near the end of the century.
o The company’s leader collapsed during a meeting.
The subject did something HOW or TO WHAT DEGREE?
o The statistics come in any form you like.
o Politicians and the public are complaining loudly.
o His blood pressure kept climbing steadily.
o She worked with care and precision.
The subject did something WHY?
o Our elected officials listen because we vote.
o Shoshana’s grades improved with the help of a tutor.
o Germany’s expedition leader collapsed from the effort.
o Elise competed for her family.
Tuesday, 29 November 2011
TIPE IF-CLAUSE
Contoh : If you mix sugar with water, it will dissolve
Here, the sugar will dissolve on the condition that you mix it with water.
Ada tiga tipe if clauses:
Type 1. mengenai kejadian nyata
Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.
Contoh:
- If you go to the drug store, buy me a soft drink. (present ; imperative)
- If Mary calls, I’ll invite her to the concert. (present ; future)
- If Mary should call, I’ll invite her to the concert. (modal ; future)
Type 2
Type 2 is concerned with hypothetical or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)
- If I had the money, I would buy a motorcycle.
This is called a hypothetical if clause because I don’t have the money but I am imagining what I would do if I did.
Type 3
Type 3 is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past.
- If I had known you were sick, I would have made you some soup. (past perfect-modal past)
Here the implication is that I didn’t know you were sick (and that you may no longer be sick).
- If you had been here yesterday, you could have seen Pam. (past perfect-modal past)
It is clear in the example that you were not here yesterday.
Kata if sangat membantu untuk mengenali if clause, namun, tidak selalu digunakan.
Type 1: should
- If you should get a letter from Greece, give me a call.
- Should you get a letter from Greece, give me a call.
Type 2: were
- If you were taller, you could reach the light.
- Were you taller, you could reach the light.
Type 3
- If I had agreed, Jim would have married me.
- Had I agreed, Jim would have married me.
- If it doesn’t rain, we’ll go to the lake.
- Unless it rains, we’ll go to the lake.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Conditional 1
Kita mengatakan sesuatu yang akan terjadi. Kita memikirkan sesuatu atau kondisi di waktu yang akan datang dan hasilnya. Kita mengatakan suatu kemungkinan yang nyata akan terjadi. Misalnya, hari ini hari libur, jadi saya tidak bekerja. Biasanya, kalau hari minggu tuh kawan saya datang. Nah, kalau kawan saya datang, saya akan mengajaknya makan-makan. Ini baru rencana, to? Kalau, seandainya, jika kawan saya datang. Tapi kemungkinannya ada/besar, karena memang biasanya dia datang pada hari minggu. Tapi ini belum terjadi, lo. Jadi saya bilang begini, Kalau dia datang, saya akan mengajaknya makan-makan. If he comes, I will ask him to have meals.
Kesimpulannya, bagaimana membuat kalimat ini?
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT + WILL Verb 1
Atau bisa juga WILL Verb 1 + IF + SIMPLE PRESENT
Contohnya:
- If you fail the test, you will repeat the course.
- If he doesn’t have enough money, we will help you.
- If they accompany me to go to the hospital, I will thank them.
- I will go shopping with you if I have much money.
- They will arrest him if he escapes from the town.
Conditional 2
Dalam conitional ini, hampir sama dengan conditional yang pertama. Kita memikirkan sesuatu yang mungkin akan terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang dan hasilnya. Tapi, ini tak mungkin terjadi karena kondisinya tidak mendukung. Jadi ini sama seperti khayalan atau impian.
Misalnya, sekarang anda sedang ditawari mobil seharga 100 juta. Padahal Anda Cuma punya uang 5 juta. Kan nggak mungkin to Anda beli mobil itu? Jadi Anda langsung menghayal ‘Seandainya aku punya uang 100 juta, aku akan beli mobil itu.’Tapi suatu saat kalau anda punya uang 100 juta, ya Anda bisa beli mobil itu. Karena mobil itu juga belum laku kok. Itu bukan suatu hal yang mustahil. Jadi itu sesuatu yang tidak nyata tapi masih mungkin terjadi. Kalau saya punya uang 100 juta, saya akan membeli mobil itu. If had money, I would buy the car.
Kesimpulannya, bagaimana membuat kalimat ini?
IF + SIMPLE PAST + WOULD Verb 1
Atau bisa juga WOULD Verb 1+ IF + SIMPLE PAST
Contohnya:
- If you work hard, you would be rich. Kenyataannya kamu malas bekerja, jadi kamu miskin.
- If he loved me, I would marry him. Kenyataannya dia tidak mencintaiku.
- They would come to my house if I invited them. Kenyataannya saya tidak mengundang mereka.
- I would arrive sooner if I went by plane. Kenyataannya saya pergi naik mobil.
- He would call me mommy if I were his mom. Kenyataannya saya bukan ibunya.
Dalam conditional yang pertama kita membicarakan sesuatu yang mungkin akan terjadi. Dalam conditional yang kedua kita membicarakan sesuatu yang tidak terjadi, tapi masih mungkin terjadi. Dalam conditional yang ketiga kita membicarakan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin terjadi. Mengapa? Karena kejadian itu sedah berlalu, sudah selesai, sudah finis jadi nggak mungkin terulang lagi. Lha wong sudah terjadi, kok. Jadi ini hanya khayalan saja. Misalnya begini, seminggu yang lalu saya ditawari mobil seharga 100 juta. Pada saat itu saya nggak punya uang. Nah, karena saya nggak punya uang, akhirnya mobil itu dibeli sama tetangga saya. Jadi nggak mungkin to, saya membeli mobil itu? Wong mobilnya aja sudah laku, kok. Wong saya saja nggak punya duit, kok. Jadi sambil melihat tetangga saya menaiki mobil itu, saya berkhayal :
‘Seandainya saya punya uang 100 juta, saya akan membeli mobil itu.’ ‘If I had had 100 millions, I would have bought the car. Jelas, kan?
Kesimpulannya, bagaimana membuat kalimat ini?
IF + PAST PERFECT + WOULD HAVE Verb 3
Atau bisa juga WOULD HAVE Verb 3 + IF + PAST PERFECT
Contohnya:
- If you had loved me, I would have married you. Kenyataannya kamu menikah dengan orang lain seminggu yang lalu.
- If had joined our group, we would have invited you in our program. Kenyataannya kamu tidak bergabung sehingga kamu tidak kami undang di acara kami kemarin.
- If I had told you the truth, you would have forgiven me. Kenyataannya kamu tidak memaafkanku.
- They would have called me if I had applied for a job. Kenyataannya saya tidak melamar pekerjaan.
- Pak Wongso would have taught me if he hadn’t died. Kenyataannya dia sudah meninggal.
TRANSITIVE VERB
I. DEFINISI VERB
Verbs adalah kata kerja yang menunjukan nama perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subyek, namun mungkin juga menunjukan keadaan. Contoh :
• Amir comes from Jakarta
• My brother studies in japan
• She is beautiful
Dalam bahasa inggris ada bermacam-macam verb (kata kerja), namun dalam bagian ini hanya akan membahas beberapa macam kata kerja yang pokok saja.
II. MACAM-MACAM KATA KERJA
• Finite verb (ordinary verb) adalah kata kerja biasa yakni yang ditandai dengan ciri-ciri sebagai berikut :
a. Bila dipakai dalam kalimat Tanya dan negative perlu memakai kata kerja bantu do, does, atau did.
b. Bentuknya dapat berubah-ubah oleh tenses
c. Memiliki bentuk-bentuk : invinitive, present partticple, gerund, past tense, present tense, past participle.
Contoh : she works hard (infinitive)
She is working (present participle)
She worked hard (past tense)
She has gone to bali (past participle)
• Auxiliary verbs (kata kerja bantu) adalah kata kerja yang digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lain untuk menyatakan tindakan atau keadaan, atau khususnya mempunyai fungsi grammatical.
• Linking verbs adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subject dengan complementnya. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan subject tersebut dinamakan subject complement. Linking verbs yang umum adalah :
Be (am,is,are,was,etc) look stay
Appear remain taste
Become seem smell
Feel sound
grow
contoh :
• She looks serious
• The author is our guest
• Transitive verbs adalah kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat. Contohnya :
- He struck the board
- A dog bites the man
- You push the door
• Intransitive verbs adalah kata kerja yang tiidak memerlukan object, karena sudah dapat menunjukan arti yang sempurna. Contoh :
- The sun shines
- The cat slept
- The water boils
Notes :
1. Walaupun beberapa verbs adalah transitive verbs (memerlukan object) dan beberapa verbs yang lain intransitive verbs (tidak memerlukan object), namun kebanyakan verbs dalam bahasa inggris dapat menjadi transitive maupun intransitive. Contohnya :
- He drops his bottles (transitive)
The rain drops from the sky (intransitive)
- They grow rubber trees (transitive)
Rice grows in the fertile soils (intransitive)
2. Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai object noun yang searti dengan verbnya sendiri. Ini disebut cognate object . contohnya :
- He laughs loudly
- He slept soundly
- He died a miserable death
3. Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun ssudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempurna sebelum dengann ditambah dengan kata-kata lain yang dinamakan compplemennya. Kata-kata yang memerlukan komplemen adalah :
Make bring
Name give
Call appoint
Find seen
Declare hear
Suppose
Cconside
Contohnya :
- I make you happy
- I make him laugh
- She makes me understand nglish
4. Banyak verb yang memiliki pola (struktur)
Verb + preposition + object
Verbs + preposition + verb-ing
Contoh :
We talk about the problem
if the object is another verb, it ends in ing
beberapa verbs yang mempunyai struktur :
verb + preposition + verb-ing
contohnya : succeed of/ think about/ dream of/ approve of/ look forward/ insist on/ decide against. Dst
- Budi succeed in finding a good job
- Are you thinking of/about buying a house
5. Beberapa verbs tertentu mempunyai pola (struktur)
Verb + object + preposition + verb-ing
Contonhya :
1. They accused me of telling lies
2. Do you suspect the man of being a spay
3. I congratulated rina on passing the exam
4. I thanked her for being so helful
6. regular and irregular verbs
Regular verb adalah kata kerja berubah-ubah sesuai dengan bentuk tense dan perubahan kata kerja itu secara teratur.
Irregular verb adalah kata kerja yang mempunyai fungsi sama dengan regular verb tetapi perubahan kata kerja ini secara tidak teratur.
Ccontohnya :
Go - went – gone
See – saw –seen
Get – got - gotten
Thursday, 17 November 2011
Tugas 06 Kalimat Passive Voice
Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.
Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
Aktif : Agus mengetik dokumen itu kemarin
Pasif : dokumen itu diketik oleh Agus kemarin
Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku
Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.
Contoh:
Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955
Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)
Contoh:
Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955
Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll
To be yang digunakan
Present : is, am, are
Past : was, were
Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
Future : be (setelah modals)
Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)
Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat
Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.
Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif
Michael is singing a song (active)
A song is being sung by Michael (passive)
Michael sings a song (active)
A song is sung by Michael (Passive)
Michael will sing a song (active)
A song will be sung by Michael (passive)
Michael sang a song yesterday (active)
A song was sung by Michael yesterday (passive)
Michael can sing a song (active)
A song can be sung by Michael (passive)
Michael has sung a song (active)
A song has been sung by Michael (passive)
Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
Help the poor (active)
Let the poor be helped (passive)
2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time
Rumus:
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III
It is time to send the letter (active)
It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)
3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive
(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)
Don�t wait for me (active)
You are advised not to wait for me (passive)
4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Rumus
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)
This food tastes delicious (active)
This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)
5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by �that-clause�
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.
We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)
6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
I consider her very pretty (active)
She is considered very pretty (passive)
7) Passive Sentence with two objects
He gave me a book (active)
A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
I was given a book by him (passive 2)
8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs
The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)
9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.
We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.
10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need
This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
This wall needs painting.
source : ismailmidi.com
Thursday, 10 November 2011
Tugas 05 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis
Grid computing is a term referring to the combination of computer resources from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal. The grid can be thought of as a distributed system with non-interactive workloads that involve a large number of files. What distinguishes grid computing from conventional high performance computing systems such as cluster computing is that grids tend to be more loosely coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically dispersed. Although a grid can be dedicated to a specialized application, it is more common that a single grid will be used for a variety of different purposes. Grids are often constructed with the aid of general-purpose grid software libraries known as middleware.
Grid size can vary by a considerable amount. Grids are a form of distributed computing whereby a “super virtual computer” is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform very large tasks. Furthermore, “distributed” or “grid” computing, in general, is a special type of parallel computing that relies on complete computers (with onboard CPUs, storage, power supplies, network interfaces, etc.) connected to a network (private, public or the Internet) by a conventional network interface, such as Ethernet. This is in contrast to the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed computer bus.
Grid computing combines computers from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal, to solve a single task, and may then disappear just as quickly.
One of the main strategies of grid computing is to use middleware to divide and apportion pieces of a program among several computers, sometimes up to many thousands. Grid computing involves computation in a distributed fashion, which may also involve the aggregation of large-scale cluster computing-based systems.
The size of a grid may vary from small—confined to a network of computer workstations within a corporation, for example—to large, public collaborations across many companies and networks. "The notion of a confined grid may also be known as an intra-nodes cooperation whilst the notion of a larger, wider grid may thus refer to an inter-nodes cooperation".[2]
Grids are a form of distributed computing where by a “super virtual computer” is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform very large tasks. This technology has been applied to computationally intensive scientific, mathematical, and academic problems through volunteer computing, and it is used in commercial enterprises for such diverse applications as drug discovery, economic forecasting, seismic analysis, and back office data processing in support for e-commerce and Web services.
source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing